Research on the judgment behind the risk decision.
Every study is anchored on public primary evidence — court, tribunal, regulatory and forensic records — and closes on a concrete diagnostic risk teams can act on.
Sub-Rs 10 lakh MSME delinquency doubled from 2.0% to 4.1% in two years, 52% public-sector-originated. 50 verified court cases corroborate it and fuse into a 13-signal, three-stage EWS codebook — corroborated further by a peer-reviewed decision-fatigue study on credit-officer governance.
In 30 documented large-credit failures set beside 16 comparable survivors, related-party lending — not leverage — was the discriminator, and it was legible in the origination file before the outcome.
₹36,014 cr in bank fraud value in FY25, 71.3% of it public-sector. Management overlays on expected-credit-loss models range 7-35% across 26 European banks — a judgment layer no scorecard captures. The IIFL Finance gold-loan case shows what happens when it isn't measured.
Citizens lost ₹22,845 cr to cyber-fraud in 2024, up 206% YoY. Of 70 reviewed consumer-court rulings, banks lost 54 — 87% of those losses turned on burden of proof or a detection/investigation failure, not the underlying fraud claim. The compensation-pool exposure runs ₹37-295 cr on RBI's own reimbursement framework.
72.9% of large-NBFC bad-loan stock was written off in FY25, up from ~50% in mid-2022. IIFL Finance swung ₹618 cr in a single quarter after one supervisory action. Four regulatory forcing functions converge on NBFC credit teams between March and September 2026.
353 RBI enforcement actions totalling ₹54.78 cr in FY24-25 — and 86% of FACE-attributed orders cite a Protocol Discipline failure as the root cause, not a knowledge gap. The co-operative-bank cohort's penalty value rose 29.5% year on year while banks' fell.